fleet design for cyber defense 11 aug 2017fleet design for cyber defense 11 aug 2017

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Private Sector Cyber Defense : Can Active Measures Help Stabilize Cyberspace ? extremity, deviancy, or similarity, but because they highlight more general characteristics of the organization of cyber capabilities in Europe (Flybjerg Citation2006). The 2018 intelligence law says that the service has the national responsibility for planning and carrying out offensive cyber operations, including cyber attacks (Computer Network Attack), as well as coordinating between offensive and defensive cyber measures in the armed forces (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2018, 12). While much of the US-driven academic debate has focused on if and how cyber operations reach the threshold of war, this paper focuses on the organizing of offensive capabilities between military and intelligence in Europe. Unless DOD improves the monitoring of its key cyber strategies, it is unknown when DOD will achieve cybersecurity compliance. /A 52 0 R This development finds support in the Strategic Vision of the Chief of Defense Staff from October 2021. The Navy's community leader for Cryptology and Cyber Warfare released a new vision titled, "Navy Cryptologic & Cyber Warfare Community Vision" which serves as an aligning narrative for the community. 2 0 obj The organization of Norwegian cyber capabilities rests on a centralized model. Instead, the Norwegian military and civilian foreign intelligence service (E-tjenesten) is responsible for intelligence operations, offensive cyber operations, and for coordinating between offensive and defensive cyber operations. Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Wales on 5 September 2014. /Rotate 0 [11] Multi-Domain operations rely on interdependent networks that also serve as the base . Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. NATO will continue to adapt to the evolving cyber threat landscape. 3. x[sSL%bp J+)YMA(e} UN_N?>3|6*gO|_Vm9^vrq]~uVz^g. Author (s): Pernik, Piret. NATO will continue to adapt to the evolving cyber threat landscape. However, the documents do neither elaborate on the organizational collaboration between the Cyber Command and the intelligence services nor how cyber operations are meant to complement to each other at the strategic, tactical, or operational levels. The Department of Defense's enduring mission is to provide combat-credible military forces needed to deter war and protect the security of our nation. When is maneuvering in cyberspace for intelligence purposes vis-a-vis military cyberspace operations mutually exclusive, reinforcing, and supporting? << 'Cqi8fd`0"wR!|6_0zH30~33^0 {; 5 0 obj 98 0 obj <> endobj 8 0 obj << Cyber Defence:Cyber threats to the security of the Alliance are complex, destructive and coercive, and are becoming ever more frequent. ^6y~(L n7)l# 8Py. DoDI 5000.02T will remain in effect, with content removed as it's canceled or transitions . In doing so, it speaks to four strands of cybersecurity literature touching upon military and intelligence entities.Footnote4 First, scholars have pointed out that the central (state) actors conducting cyber operations are intelligence agencies, and deceptive cyber operations, therefore, form part of an intelligence contest (Gartzke and Lindsay Citation2015; Rovner Citation2020). Registered in England & Wales No. >> endobj /Contents [7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R] Cyber Offense in NATO: challenges and Opportunities, Cyber Conflict Short of War: A European Strategic Vacuum, The Ontological Politics of Cyber Security: Emerging Agencies, Actors, Sites, and Spaces, Cyber Conflict vs. Cyber Command: hidden Dangers in the American Military Solution to a Large-Scale Intelligence Problem, Structuring the National Cyber Defence: in Evolution towards a Central Cyber Authority, Secrtariat gnral de la dfense et de la scurit nationale, What is the Cyber Offense-Defense Balance? Photo: Defense Dept. These principles encompass the DONs cyberspace activities across the entire competition continuum, from day-to-day competition to crisis and conflict. The analysis of the Dutch organization of cyber capabilities shows organizational separation between the DCC which can deploy cyber capabilities in the event of armed conflict and war and the intelligence services that can deploy cyber capabilities for intelligence and active defense purposes. It then examines the organization of cyber capabilities across military and intelligence entities in the Netherlands, France, and Norway. Asked by the newspaper Libration about the prospect for future operational cooperation, the head of ANSSI, Guillaume Poupard, has said that by 2025, I think we will have the obligation to have common platforms [bringing together defenders and attackers] to react effectively to the worst threats (Amaelle Citation2020). /Filter /FlateDecode This paper presents a brief survey of artificial intelligence applications in cyber defense (CD), and analyzes the prospects of enhancing the cyber defense capabilities by means of increasing the . According to Stphane Taillat (Citation2019), a significant part of offensive cyber operations is the responsibility of the DGSE and lies outside of the French military cyber strategy. The NRE Addendum to the Naval Research and Development Framework includes additional detail about how the priorities in the Framework correlate to research subtopics. SECNAV Stem to Stern Comprehensive Review aims to find $40 billion in savings across the FY 2022-2026 Future Years Defense Program. It is seldom distinct where one stage ends, and another begins. /Subtype /Link The COMCYBER is responsible for the military action chain. In 2017 it became the cyber defense command (COMCYBER) and was placed directly under the chief of staff of the armed force. How do I access the full text of journal articles ? As an arctic and maritime nation, U.S . NATO and its Allies rely on strong and resilient cyber defences to fulfil the Alliances core tasks of collective defence, crisis management and cooperative security. Consequently, the paper neither provides an exhaustive conceptualization of the organization of cyber capabilities, nor a set of fully fledged policy prescriptions of the requirements for intelligence services or military cyber commands to conduct specific cyber operations. The depiction of cyberspace as a warfighting domain contributed to developing the role of the French Ministry of the Armed Forces in cybersecurity matters. 3 A ransomware attack allegedly carried out by Russian criminals. /Type /Page endobj /Producer (Mac OS X 10.10.5 Quartz PDFContext) %%EOF DOD Cybersecurity Campaign. /Resources 12 0 R Finland sees many opportunities of enhanced cooperation for example in conducting training and exercises in the cyber domain, said Mr. Jukka Juusti, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defence of Finland. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] TENTH Fleet,CHIPS Magazine) (POSTED: October 19, 2022) The Cyberspace Superiority Vision charts the Department of the Navys (DON) pursuit of cyberspace superiority guided by three principles: Secure, Survive, and Strike. This arrangement is a good example of the cooperation between NATO and Finland it is practical, substantial and at the same time mutually beneficial. endobj Malign actors seek to degrade our critical infrastructure, interfere with our government services, extract intelligence, steal intellectual property and impede our military activities (NATO Citation2022 Strategic Concept, 5). /F 0 They ultimately broke into fewer than 100 choice networksincluding those of Fortune 500 companies like Microsoft and the US Justice Department, State Department, and NASA (Newman Citation2021). Belgium, Mon - Thu: 10:00 - 17:00 /CreationDate (D:20150518000000-07'00') 9 0 obj Modly outlines the strategy for how the Department of the Navy will achieve the goals set forth in Education for Seapower. 6 0 obj , It has been replaced by the competition-dispute-confrontation triptych (Burkhard Citation2021, 8). %%EOF The President made clear that his first priority is to protect the United States, allies, and partners. /Resources 33 0 R What are the limitations, opportunities, and tensions? It increases design possibilities, enhances the speed of innovation, and offers an alternative for creating shapes closer to what an engineer might need, with fewer constraints. (POSTED: May 24, 2022) The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps climate strategy, Climate Action 2030, setsthe Department of the Navy (DON) on a path to achieve the Nations commitment to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, while becoming a more capable, agile, and lethal fighting force. It also shows that the three countries seem to converge on the fact that both the countering of cyber conflict short of war and the development of military cyber capabilities are dependent on the skills, information, and infrastructure of intelligence services. The Norwegian Ministry of Defense (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2019a, 19) describes it in the following way: The responsibility for network intelligence operations and offensive cyberoperations are with the Intelligence Service. They suggest that strategy must be unshackled from the presumption that it deals only with the realm of coercion, militarised crisis, and war in cyberspace (Harknett and Smeets Citation2022, 2). /C [0.718 0.329 0.0] How do I access the full text of journal articles ? Moreover, it spurs the risk that the operational capability and activity of intelligence and military entities are mismatched with the broader strategic or governance goals. Along the same line, the Ministry of Defense emphasizes, in its Defence Vision 2035: Fighting for a safer future, the need for organizational decompartmentalization when countering hybrid threats in the information environment (Ministry of Defense Citation2020, 17) and promises to devote attention to the hybrid strategic competition between war and peace (Ministry of Defense Citation2020, 23). No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). >> The final section concludes and offers recommendations for future academic and policy debate and design. It is the DONs responsibility to ensure our systems are secure, our infrastructure and weapon systems are survivable, and our cyber operators can strike in and through cyberspace at a time and place of the commanders choosing. This scholarship is, however, guided by crafting conceptual frameworks (Smeets 2018, Citation2019) or mapping the development of cyber commands (Pernik Citation2020). The plan highlights the Navys work in coordination with the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) to build a modernized naval force that makes needed contributions to advance the Joint Forces ability to campaign effectively, deter aggression, and, if required, win decisively in combat. The Netherlands Defence organisation deploys offensive digital resources exclusively against military targets. >> Preparing for Cyber Conflict : Case Studies of Cyber Command. We look forward to enhancing our situational awareness and exchanging best practices with Finland, including through dedicated points of contact for rapid information exchange on early warning information and lessons learned, said Ambassador Sorin Ducaru, NATO Assistant Secretary General for Emerging Security Challenges. hkkH|d~HRhmUdc+llb7,B4sn3s9c%LidC309O/Im-^#Zl# The observed divergence in organizing cyber capabilities raises several questions for policy makers, practitioners, and scholars to consider. These are protection, military action, intelligence, and judicial investigation (Secrtariat gnral de la dfense et de la scurit nationale Citation2018, 56). /Length 11116 Brussels Summit Declaration. The Alliance needs to be prepared to defend its networks and operations against the growing sophistication of the cyber threats it faces. << It provided the Russian intelligence service with the ability to infect SolarWind users. While the Dutch model strongly notes the need for collaboration between the DCC and the intelligence services, it remains ambiguous how they complement each other in practice and how organizational collaboration is supposed to fulfill goals of increased effectiveness, synergy, and flexibility. cybersecurity suffers from institutional frag-mentation and a weak financial base. /Author (U.S. Fleet Cyber Command,U.S. /Font 51 0 R Following the same line of thinking, this article offers a comparative exploratory qualitative analysis (Yin Citation2014) of how the development and deployment of cyber capabilities are structured across military cyber commands and foreign intelligence services in the Netherlands, France, and Norway. However, the Ministry does not elaborate on how the coordination between the intelligence service and the operational headquarters plays out or what it exactly entails. He also emphasized both the long-term goal of eliminating nuclear weapons and the requirement that the United States have modern, flexible, and resilient nuclear capabilities that are safe and secure until such a time as nuclear weapons can prudently be eliminated from the world. Third, zooming in on the relationship between the COMCYBER and the intelligence services, it has been stressed that the intelligence services provide essential support to military operations by offering both technical and operational elements necessary to acquire knowledge of the adversary and operational environment (Florant Citation2021, 19). By U.S. Fleet Cyber Command/U.S. Lawrence Michelon, a senior electronics engineer for the Systems Design and Integration Branch at Carderocks Combatant Craft Division in Norfolk, receives the Rear Adm. George W. Melville Award for engineering excellence at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division Honor Awards ceremony Aug. 1, 2017, in West Bethesda, Md. 8 The highest-ranking civil servant in the Dutch Ministry of Defence. Without the network, there is no Multi-Domain Battle. /Annots [14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R This paper discusses the concept of cyber defence exercises (CDX) that are very important tool when it comes to enhancing the safety awareness of cyberspace, testing an organization's ability to . First, the ANSSI can respond to a computer attack affecting the national security of France by carrying out the technical operations necessary to characterize the attack and neutralize its effects by accessing the information systems that are at the origin of the attack (Gry Citation2020). Our Navy cannot build the framework for leadership development without first "Laying the Keel." endstream Intelligence in the Cyber Era: evolution or Revolution? Cyber Strategy This article provides a first step in closing that gap by offering a dedicated perspective on the organization of offensive cyber capabilities across three European countries. /Title (Fleet Cyber Command sees future Cyber Warfighting Workforce developing at NPS) endobj NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (NATO CCD COE) (2012), Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Chicago, Council of the European Union, 9 March 2021, Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council, 16 December 2020, Council of the European Union, 30 July 2020, Council of the European Union (12 April 2019). You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. While there seems to be agreement on the cyber threat landscape, the model of future engagement and collaboration between NATO and the EU is in need of additional clarification. %PDF-1.5 % 1 DDY d#E& m endobj However, it remains unclear whether decision makers have systematically assessed the implications of the organizational structure for the ways in which the two dimensions relate to and shape one another at strategic, tactical, and operational levels. /Parent 2 0 R Recent cyber incidents such as the SolarWinds,Footnote1 the Microsoft ExchangeFootnote2, and the Colonial PipelineFootnote3 hacks demonstrate how malicious cyber operations continue to question the demarcation lines between war and peace, military and civilian, and internal and external security. /Im2 57 0 R The organizational separation contains multiple ambiguities. This has arguably led to overly militarized approaches to cyber security (Burton and Christou Citation2021, 1732). >> . stream Systematic attention has been less devoted to comparative empirical studies of the specific organization of cyber capabilities across military and intelligence agencies in European countries. This document contains the official biographies of the leadership for USNS Mercy and USNS Comfort as of 2020. NATO Headquarters endstream endobj startxref << There is hence a risk that many of the challenges to collaboration are internalized. The paper proceeds by locating the study in relation to relevant debates in cybersecurity scholarship. Characteristics that are not meant to be fully comparable or generalizable, but rather to be discussed, explored, and questioned in future empirically driven research on the development and deployment of cyber capabilities in Europe. An official website of the United States government, Department of the Navy Cyberspace Superiority Vision, Climate Action 2030 Department of the Navy, VA Vet Center (Supports vets, service members, and their families), Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal Year 2023, One Navy-Marine Corps Team: Strategic Guidance from the Secretary of the Navy, eport to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal Year 2022, After compiling and analyzing feedback from hundreds of Sailors through focus groups and surveys, Task Force One Navyin early 2021 submitted its final report, Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels, Prepared by: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, SECNAV Stem to Stern Comprehensive Review, Comprehensive Review of the DON Uniformed Legal Communities, Department of the Navy Strategic Guidance FY 2020, Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America, Department of the Navy's New Education Initiatives, A Design for Maintaining Maritime Superiority (Version 2.0), Navy Leader Development Framework (Version 3.0), Readiness Reform Oversight Committee: One Year Later, Naval Research and Development: A Framework for Accelerating to the Navy and Marine Corps after Next, Naval Research Enterprise (NRE) Addendum to the Naval Research and Development Framework, US Fleet Cyber Command/ Tenth Fleet Strategic Plan 2015-2020, New Navy Cryptologic & Cyber Warfare Community Vision Released, SECNAV Cybersecurity Readiness Review Letter, Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal 2020, Laying the Keel: Developing the Backbone of Our Navy, REMARKS - Acting SECNAV at JFK Christening, REMARKS - Acting SECNAV at Navy Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce, The President's Coronavirus Guidelines for America, US Navy Hospital Ship Leadership Biographies, Frequently asked questions about USNS Mercy, Frequently asked questions about USNS Comfort deployment to New York City, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Second, neither consistency in organizational collaboration, separation, nor centralization will automatically translate into efficient operational cyber capabilities to be deployed in intelligence contest, strategic competition, or military confrontation. The Ministry of Defense (ibid) stresses that it will further develop the Intelligence Services ability to counter threats before incidents occur and emphasize that that cooperation and coordination between the above-mentioned actors in military cyber operations [the intelligence service and the FOH] will be strengthened, based on a military cyber operations center in the Intelligence Service. It is placed under the SGDSN and is responsible for the protection chain. /ExtGState 54 0 R At the time of writing, there is no public information that the DCC has conducted offensive cyber operations. Note: According to Section 1.4 Transition Plan of the new instruction, the old DoDI 5000.02 dated Jan 7, 2015 (Change 3 dated 10 Aug 2017) has been renumbered to DoDI 5000.02T.

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