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Gaining local support can best be accomplished by the leader who demonstrates dignity and respect to the civilian population he is charged to protect and train. When the mission window passed, he canceled the mission. Even if time is tight, the leader should allocate as much time as possible to factor, starting at the objective area, and analyzing other aspects of key terrain. Scenario Blueprint Examples. How can friendly and enemy forces use the available cover and concealment? He also determines the sustainment aspects of the COA. Leaders use tactical mission task graphics and control measures (Refer to ADRP 1-02 for more information.) Information needed to complete paragraphs 3, 4, and 5 of the OPORD. For each COA, the leader thinks through the operation from start to finish. This includes studying the maximum effective range for each weapon system, the doctrinal rates of march, and timelines associated with the performance of certain tasks. In the operational environment, this might be the most important analysis the leader conducts and is likely to yield the most useful information to the leader. First, leaders consider TTP from doctrine, unit SOPs, history, or other resources to determine if a solution to a similar tactical problem exists already. It succinctly describes the enemy's aim, means, and approach to achieving its end state. Where will the enemy establish firing lines or support by fire positions? A-91. Constraints either prohibit or require an action. Consider all nonmilitary groups or institutions in the area of operation. Notes COA statement must clearly portray how the unit How will precipitation (or lack of it) affect the mobility of the unit or of enemy forces? What effect will this have on the way the enemy fights?. To anticipate events within the area of operations. A-80. A COA should position the unit for future operations and provide flexibility to meet unforeseen events during execution. Can I observe and fire on his location with at least two-thirds of my combat power? For example, a breach requires an assault element, support element, breach element, security element, and possibly a reserve. With the preflight accomplished and the gear prearranged where we wanted it, we headed for the dining facility to grab dinner before our long mission. The decisive point might be where or how, or from where, the unit will combine the effects of combat power against the enemy. Examples include mine fields (conventional and situational); antitank ditches; wire obstacles. He analyzes if vegetation will affect the employment or trajectory of the Javelin, or 60-mm mortars. The CCIRs identify and filter information needed by leaders to support their vision and to make critical decisions, especially to determine or validate COA. Where am I vulnerable? Leaders should know the disposition, composition, strength, and capabilities of their forces one and two levels down. Analyzing the unit's current location in relation to future Leaders study their task organization to determine the number, type, capabilities, and condition of available friendly troops and other support. Prepare a COA statement and sketch (Decisive point, form of maneuver, and statement of each task to be accomplished) Write your mission statement using the 5Ws. Click the card to flip . They could have a hard time maintaining optimum speed, moving in some types of combat formations, or transitioning from one formation to another. (b) A COA COA stmts and sketches. See PAPPG Chapter II.D.2.h (i) for complete coverage on the content and formatting requirements for the biographical sketch. Analysis of troops follows the same logic as analyzing the enemy by identifying capabilities, vulnerabilities and strengths. Will the current weather favor the use of smoke to obscure during breaching? Friendly forces information requirements include information leaders need to know about their units or about adjacent units to make critical decisions. How can I use these features to force the enemy into its engagement area, deny him an avenue, or disrupt his movement? During all phases, leaders consider critical times, unusable time, the time it takes to accomplish activities, the time it takes to move, priorities of work, and tempo of operations. Analyze how vital civilian areas affect the missions of respective forces and how military operations affect these areas. A-95. The leader must realistically and unemotionally determine all available resources and new limitations based on level of training or recent fighting. After developing the COA, the leader analyzes it to determine its strengths and weaknesses, visualizes the flow of the battle, identifies the conditions or requirements necessary to enhance synchronization, and gains insights into actions at the decisive point of the mission. ;" "Reconnoiter route BLUE;" "Assist the forward passage of 1st platoon, B Company." The sequence can vary. Coordinating instructions to enhance execution and unity of effort, and to ease confusion between subordinate elements. Lessons Learned Select or Modify COA for Continued Analysis NOTE: A good COA positions the force for sequels and provides flexibility to meet unforeseen events during execution. Our aircrews carefully synchronized our return flight using proven aircrew coordination skills. It is a continuous cycle of action, reaction, and counteraction. Do not discuss this assignment or your answers with anyone other than a Department of Distance Education (DDE) instructor or your academic advisor There four goals include. What is the enemy's most probable course of action? Winds Leaders assign responsibility for each task to a subordinate. They were calling for three miles visibility, which is certainly legal weather. The leader identifies critical factors about temperature, including high and low temperatures, infrared crossover times, and effects of obscurants and This requires the leader to understand the laws of war, the ROE, and local situation. From this analysis, he might be able to determine patterns in the enemy's employment or troops and equipment. . He determines the disposition of the next two higher enemy elements. Furthermore, their own assumptions about the enemy must be consistent with those of their higher commander. A-88. He applies the results to the friendly and enemy COA he develops. Organizations of influence force the leader to look beyond preexisting civilian hierarchical arrangements. A-117. The COA sketch should identify how the unit intends to focus the effects of overwhelming combat power at the decisive point. How and when they do so depends on when they receive information as well as on their experience and preferences. Civil considerations include the influences of manmade infrastructure, civilian institutions, and attitudes, activities of civilian leaders, populations, and organizations within an area of operation, with regard to the conduct of military operations. For example, fratricide is a hazard categorized as an accident risk; surface danger zones and risk estimate distance are used to identify the controls, such as TRP and phase lines, to reduce this accidental risk. Reconnaissance, surveillance, and target-acquisition positions. Asset locations such as enemy command posts or ammunition caches. Whenever possible and depending on the existing chain of command, they avoid fracturing unit integrity. A-69. PPT MDMP Class (Military Decision Making Process) PowerPoint Structures He does this analysis through war gaming or "fighting" the COA against at least one enemy COA. Goal is to develop COAs for every feasible ECOA; however, the commander usually limits that option with his guidance. Analysis of troops and support answers the question: What assets are available to accomplish the mission? Staff COA. Ethnic dynamics include religion, cultural mores, gender roles, customs, superstitions, and values certain ethnic groups hold dear which differ from other groups. The COA sketch is a drawing or series of drawings to assist the leader in describing how the operation will unfold. Wind always is described as "fromto" as in "winds are from the east moving to the west." This information can be maintained in a checkbook-style matrix for use during COA development (specifically array forces). A-110. Some cloud cover questions follow: Temperature and Humidity A-67. Develop a Concept of Operations Consideration of the weather's effects is an essential part of the leader's mission analysis. This then would restrict the unit's ability to mass the effects of combat power. The result of the COA development process is paragraph 3 of the OPORD. These capabilities should include reasonable assets the next higher element, or other higher enemy headquarters, may provide. By focusing on the motivations for civilian labor and creating essential services and prosperity where there was none, unit leaders/commanders can win the support of the civilian who now can feed and clothe his family and now has clean running water. Where do I position indirect fire observers? COA Sketch and Narrative A graphic and text description of the COA Should include: Scheme of Maneuver in chronological order A Main Effort action with task and purpose Supporting Effort actions with task and purpose Can use Close, Deep and Rear operations Phasing/ staging/ timing Developing a synchronization matrix here for each COA will be helpful during wargaming The leader should clearly explain what the decisive point is to his subordinate leaders and why it is decisive; this objective, in conjunction with his commander's intent, facilitates subordinate initiative. Tactical risk is associated with hazards existing due to the enemy's presence. A-86. A mission is task and purpose clearly indicating the action to be taken and reason for the action. Include traditional high-payoff targets, protected cultural sites, and facilities with practical applications. If the benefits of performing the mission do not significantly outweigh the inherent risks of marginal/borderline weather, the flight should be a no-go or implement alternate transportation to accomplish the mission safely. What additional Soldiers or units will accompany? Where are the natural target registration points? Leaders must understand each groups perceptions about the United States, the Army, and specific units operating within that area. A-21. A situation template is a visual illustration of how the enemy force might look and act without the effects of weather and terrain. It was only then that I was able to look outside again. He also identifies positions where artillery observers can call for indirect fire. COA analysis (war gaming) brings together friendly and enemy forces on the actual terrain to visualize how the operation will unfold. Heavy snow cover can reduce the efficiency of many communication systems as well as degrade the effects of many munitions and air operations. Research the weather reports and gain the knowledge you need. Defensive considerations in analyzing observation and fields of fire. Deviations or significant conclusions reached during their enemy analysis could positively or negatively affect the battalion's and companys plan should be shared immediately with the battalion, company commander and S-2. It enables him, A-123. Prior to every flight, all units must use the risk management process to ensure the weather is more than just legal. If a leader identifies terrain as decisive, this means he recognizes seizing or retaining it is necessary to accomplish the mission. Template of enemy forces and essential weapon systems. If the leader has developed more than one COA, he must compare them by weighing the specific advantages, disadvantages, strengths, and weaknesses of each as noted during the war game. When possible, the observer conducts a ground reconnaissance from both enemy and friendly perspectives. This doctrinal requirement provides a framework for the leader to develop a COA. This is a demo of how to draw a COA Sketch as part of COADEV (Course of Action Development) for use briefing your Operations Order (OPORD) for MS200. A-41. In order to make the creation of COA diagrams eortless for the user, interaction must occur eortlessly and the interface should be invisible to the user. What lateral routes could the enemy use to threaten our flanks? When (this is the time given in the company OPORD). A good enemy COA tells a story. War gaming is a critical step in the planning process and should be allocated more time than the other steps. The decisive point might be the event or action (with respect to terrain, enemy, or time, and generation of combat power) will ultimately and irreversibly lead to the unit achieving its purpose. The first example, which describes the process in detail, is a continuation of the exercise design . An example of a basic COA sketch is shown in Figure 1-1. We decided to return to the airfield at that point because once we passed the light source, we wouldn't be able to see much of anything. What is the composition and strength of the enemy force? You may begin work on the COA S&S after you have . The leader develops his entire COA from the decisive point. Where can friendly forces conduct support by fire or assault by fire? If it does, the leader's job is to take the existing solution and modify it to his unique situation. It also should give subordinates the maximum latitude for initiative. How will each avenue support movement techniques, formations and, once we make enemy contact, maneuver? He must know, how much indirect fire, by type, is available and when it will become available. Consequently, this information must be protected from identification by the enemy. They decide where their forces can deploy into attack formations that facilitate the initial contact and still provide freedom of action for the bulk of their forces. Determine where events will occur that differentiate between EN COAs (these become NAIs) 4. A-124. The leader should focus his efforts to develop at least one well-synchronized COA; if time permits, he should develop several. The leader identifies locations along each avenue of approach providing clear observation and fields of fire for both the attacker and defender. How does the operation affect the civilians? The three types of tasks are specified, implied, and essential. How do I get him to go there? War gaming is the process of determining "what if?" A COA sketch developed in one of several COA-editing tools that have been used as data-entry interfaces to CADET. During execution, their continuous analyses enable them to issue well-developed What are all likely enemy avenues into my area of operations? The leader must answer these questions: Precipitation All work must be your own. Order Description . Although the battle captain knew the environmental conditions, he told us we had legal weather and expected us to accomplish the mission. Search and attack operations are conducted by smaller, light maneuver units and air cavalry or air assault units in large areas. This is key terrain which seizure, retention, or control is necessary for mission accomplishment. Likewise, he must understand enemy doctrinal objectives. A leader must convey to his subordinates the importance of these deductions, and effect they will have on the units operations. The five military aspects of weather are visibility; winds; precipitation; cloud cover; and temperature and humidity. The leader determines the effects of each aspect of terrain on both friendly and enemy forces. An intervisibility line analysis enables the leader to visualize the profile view of terrain when only a topographic product (map) is provided. They also must understand leaders' intent (two levels up). Understanding of time and space relationships of events, leading to thorough contingency plans. We had passengers, field Soldiers, aircrew and our aircraft to consider. As the passengers boarded, I noticed a slight haze in the distance. Critical events for each COA. To determine how to maximize the effects of combat power while protecting friendly forces and minimizing collateral damage. What is the present physical condition of Soldiers (morale, sleep)? The answers to the following questions become inputs into developing a COA. If he has developed more than one COA, he applies this same analysis to each COA developed. How will existing obstacles and restricted terrain affect the enemy? Without determining a valid decisive point, the leader cannot begin to develop a valid or tactically sound COA. They must go beyond merely passing along the MCOO to their subordinate leaders and making general observations of the terrain such as "This is high ground," or "This is a stream." He begins TLP Step 3 after he issues his own WARNORD, and after he has received companys third WARNORD, or until he has enough information to proceed. A-98. Perhaps the most critical aspect of mission analysis is determining the combat potential of ones own force. Existing obstacles, natural include rivers; forests; mountains; ravines; gaps and ditches more than three meters wide; tree stumps and large rocks more than 18 inches high; forests with trees eight inches or more in diameter, with less than four meters between trees. Other events, such as disasters and those precipitated by military forces, stress and affect the attitudes and activities of the populace and include a moral responsibility to protect displaced civilians. Operations/actions consist of numerous activities, events, and tasks. The leader also must identify civil considerations affecting his mission. The essential task is the mission taskit accomplishes the assigned purpose. Assumptions Courses of Action (COA) Refined COAs Potential decision points War-game results Initial assessment measures Update assumption Approved COA Adv/Disadvantages of each COA COA. What are the capabilities of his weapons? A-50. The leader, based on his initial analysis of METT-TC, his situational awareness, his vision, and insight into how such factors can affect the unit's mission, should visualize where, when, and how his unit's ability to generate combat power (firepower, protection, maneuver, leadership, and information) can overwhelm the enemy's abilities to generate combat power. Implied tasks derive from a detailed analysis of higher up orders, from the enemy situation and COA, from the terrain, and from knowledge of doctrine and history. How will it affect the enemy? This 3-page document outlines an individual's education and training, their appointments and positions, and other . Leaders prepare a graphic depiction of terrain to help explain their findings about the effects of terrain and weather on the mission. They identify the tasks and purposes, and how their immediate higher up are contributing to the fight. Leaders who analyze the ethnic dynamics of their area of operation can best apply combat power, shape maneuver with information related capabilities, and ultimately find the common denominator all ethnic varieties have in common and focus unit efforts at it. If necessary, how can I avoid such features? The leader must thoroughly understand when, where, and how the enemy prefers or tends to use his assets. The relative-force ratio is a correlation of friendly combat power and. This tentative decisive point forms the basis of his planning and COA development; it also forms the basis of communicating the COA to his subordinates. A-49. A-107. He makes significant deductions about the terrain, enemy, and own forces affecting operations. The product must reflect the results of reconnaissance and shared information. In common usage, especially when applied to lower military units, a mission is a duty or task assigned to an individual or unit. Key terrain is locations or areas whose seizure, retention, or control gives a marked advantage to either combatant. The reason units are arrayed as shown on the sketch. A-119. I headed to the hangar to check on my assigned aircraft for the day and then to the tactical command post (TOC) to check the mission profile. The product of this process is the synchronization matrix. Sustaining operation purposes relate directly to those of the decisive and shaping operations. In doctrinal terms, he asksIs the enemy oriented on the terrain, example, a reconnaissance force, his own force (assault force, terrorists, or insurgent forces), civilian forces or critical infrastructure (terrorist or insurgent forces, sabotage), or other supporting or adjacent friendly forces (as in a disruption zone)? This is why the leader must develop a tactically sound and flexible plan. 1 level below BN sketch)w/ all crew served weapons (SITEMP) using AGADAP Analyze relative combat power (Caps by WFF) Generate Options Array Forces - Battle Positions, EA's, Routes, Times, Reserves, Crew Served WPNs Systems, Etc.. Because of the uncertainty always present in operations at the small unit level, leaders cannot be expected to think of everything during their analysis. The leader also determines how to avoid enemy strengths or advantages in combat power. Although he usually does not prepare IPB products for his subordinates, he must be able to use the products of the higher headquarters IPB. Avenues of approach are classified the same as mobility corridors. What terrain has higher headquarters named as key? Lost opportunity, such as movement across terrain severely restricts the speed of traverse. These two products are the basis for paragraph 3 of the OPORD. Figure C-1 shows an example of the COA sketch and text (COA statement) that go with the OPFOR countertasks listed above. A-111. A-96.People is a general term describing all nonmilitary personnel military forces encountered in the area of operation. How do you weigh the importance of the mission with your ability to complete that mission safely? War gaming helps the leader fully synchronize friendly actions, while considering the likely reactions of the enemy. The unit has the technical and tactical skills and resources to accomplish the COA, with available time, space, and resources. Existing obstacles, man-made include towns; canals; railroad embankments; buildings; power lines; telephone lines. COA Statement and Sketch. COA analysis allows the leader to synchronize his assets, identify potential hazards, and develop a better understanding of the upcoming operation. Next, the leader analyzes relative combat power, generates options, arrays his forces, develops a CONOP, assigns responsibility, and prepares a COA statement and sketch. What locations have clear observation and fields of fire along enemy avenues of approach? Higher headquarters (two levels up) mission, intent, and concept. He assesses the ability of the attacking force to overwatch or support movement (with direct fire). Considerations may include: A-99. Additionally, they apply these conclusions when they develop COA for both enemy forces and their units. It is a conclusion, usually arrived at after enemy analysis and COA development, rather than an observation: A-48. If I must support a breach, where is the expected breach site and where will the enemy be overwatching the obstacle? The area of interest includes threat forces or other elements characterizing the operational environment and greatly influencing the accomplishment of the mission. Many times, the spiritual leader is not necessarily the decision maker for a community, but the spiritual leader must approve the decision maker's actions. Even if time is tight, the leader should allocate as much time as possible to factor, starting at the. Heavy cloud cover often canalizes aircraft within air avenues of approach and on the final approach to the target. The second mission variable to consider is the enemy. COA analysis begins with both friendly and enemy COA and, using a method of action-reaction-counteraction war game, results in a synchronized friendly plan, identified strengths and weaknesses, and updated risk assessment. In a time-constrained environment, a platoon leader typically develops only one COA. I expressed my concern and some uneasiness about the situation because our crews had been caught in dust before and knew the consequences. AGADAP Example Walk-through Part 3:. The observer must observe both the impact and effects of indirect fires. A-121. We also obtained a report from the battle captain concerning the weather situation at the destination airfield. Determine Time Phase Lines (TPLs) and Mobility Corridors 3. A-59. This preview shows page 13 - 24 out of 34 pages. Engineer forces might be needed to improve mobility or platoon and squads might have to deviate from doctrinal tactics. Cloud Cover Using this technique, they would, but need not, analyze mission first; followed by terrain and weather; enemy; troops and support available; time available; and finally civil considerations. Deductions resulting from the relative combat power analysis. MS200 Video lecture about Course of Action (COA) Sketch and Concept Statement The views expressed are those of the speaker and do not reflect the official policy or po MDMP: Course of Action. Using the product from generating options, the leader then determines what combinations of Soldiers, weapons, and other systems are needed to accomplish each task. These tasks must be accomplished to achieve the subordinate units purpose. Leaders who identify the economic production base of their area of operation can execute civil-military campaigns within their area of operation bolstering the economic welfare of the people. For decisive operations, since the purposes are the same (nested concept) the essential task also accomplishes the higher headquarters purpose. Population statuses overlays can best describe groups and define what feelings the group has toward American forces. Categories of terrain, unrestricted terrain free of restrictions to movement, so no actions are needed to enhance mobility. If executed, the COA accomplishes the mission consistent with the higher commander's concept and intent. A-25. Step 4: Develop the Sketch and Statement As with friendly COAs, enemy COAs are best framed using statements and sketches. It is not merely a calculation and comparison of friendly and enemy weapons numbers or units with the aim of gaining a numerical advantage. Leaders analyze the enemy's dispositions, compositions, strengths, doctrine, equipment, capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable COA. Accident risk includes all operational risk other than tactical risk and can include hazards concerning friendly personnel, equipment readiness, and environment. Back on the ground with both flights shut down, we secured the aircraft and headed back to the TOC to check with Air Force weather regarding improved visibility later in the evening. Tactical considerations in analyzing key terrain. This product is similar to the MCOO in it shows the critical military aspects of terrain. Echeloning and identifying of enemy observation and indirect fires. Leaders constantly receive information, from the time they begin planning through execution. Leaders also consider the effects of manmade and natural terrain in conjunction with the weather on friendly and enemy operations. Routine, cyclical, planned, or spontaneous activities which significantly affect organizations, people, and military operations, including seasons, festivals, holidays, funerals, political rallies, and agricultural crop/livestock and market cycles and paydays. It was about a 20-minute flight and as we got closer, the dust storm worsened. Visualizing a valid decisive point is how the leader determines how to achieve success and accomplish his purpose. A-118. Strong winds and wind turbulence limit airborne, air assault, and aviation operations. A-100. Write your commanders intent to address key tasks or conditions that must be met to achieve the stated purpose and end state. A-68. This allows them to exercise initiative and judgment to accomplish the unit's purpose. A-36. It also includes understanding the full array of assets in support of the unit. COA statment and sketch Cover the; who (generic task organization), what (tasks), when, where, and why (purpose) for each subordinate unit. The concept of the operation describes how the leader envisions the operation unfolding, from its start to its conclusion or end state. A-112. A-61. The leader also determines the capabilities of the next higher enemy element. The goal of this step, generating options, is to determine one or more of those ways quickly. For armored forces, steep slopes, densely spaced obstacles, and absence of a developed road system characterize severely restricted terrain. Mission analysis has no time standard. For example, an armor heavy task force organized with three armor and one STEP 5 Complete the course of action by preparing a statement and sketch. . However, they must conduct their own detailed analyses to determine how terrain and weather uniquely affects their units' missions and the enemy. A-24. During mission analysis, the platoon leader . These can include areas needed after combat operations and contracted resources and services. A-45. Will wind speed cause obscurants to dissipate quickly? Identify friendly strengths to exploit the enemy weakness. A-120. They take five steps to fully analyze their assigned mission as directed from higher . Specified tasks also may be found in annexes and overlays, for example-- "Seize OBJ FOX. Heavy cloud cover can degrade many target acquisition systems, IR guided munitions, and general aviation operations. overnight parking septa, is laura geller leaving qvc,

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