e1b1a in the levante1b1a in the levant

e1b1a in the levant30 Apr e1b1a in the levant

It might be linked to the expansion of the Kura-Araxes culture from the southern Caucasus to Anatolia and Iran. [17][18], At a San Jose de los Naturales Royal Hospital burial site, in Mexico City, Mexico, three enslaved West Africans of West African and Southern African ancestry, dated between 1453 CE and 1626 CE, 1450 CE and 1620 CE, and 1436 CE and 1472 CE, were found; one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1b/E-M263.2 and L1b2a, another carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1/E-P278.1/E-M425 and L3d1a1a, and the last carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1a1c/E-CTS8030 and L3e1a1a. The Dorians from Central Europe followed from c. 1200 BCE. (2007), such population movements changed the pre-existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern, and Southeastern Africa, replacing the previous haplogroup frequencies in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a1 lineages. Haplogroup E-M2, also known as E1b1a1-M2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S : Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria. The probability of observing a particular haplotype, if present, in a randomly collected set was assessed by the equation (1q)n=(1P), where P is the probability of observing the haplotype, q is the minimum frequency of the haplotype to be observed and n is the number of chromosomes. Internet Explorer). This led the authors to suggest that E-V38 may have originated in East Africa. A few isolated occurrences of E-M2 have also been observed among populations in Southern Europe, such as Croatia, Malta, Spain and Portugal.[49][50][51][52]. 5% (2/37) of the town Singa-Rimab, Burkina Faso tested positive for E-M58. Yes, I'm aware of Ramesses III belonging to Haplogroup E1b1a, but additional genetic testing suggest that the remains may indeed belong to y-dna haplogroup E1b1b[citation needed] which split from E1b1a about 40-50 thousand years ago, and tends to be common in the Levant, Northern Africa, and the Rift valley region in modern times. Abingdon: Garland Science, 2004. The African diaspora: mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic slave trade. (2011) significantly redefined the E-V38 phylogenetic tree. Cruciani et al. The eastern advance of the Corded Ware culture eventually gave rise to the Sintashta culture in the Ural region, which is the ancestral culture of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-Europeans. Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites:Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26: 15811589. The Wright Brothers, the inventors of the world's first successful airplane, belonged to haplogroup E-V13 (S7461 subclade). L576 gave rise to a deeper subclade of M180/P88, P182, L88.3, L86, and PAGES0006. As both NRY and mtDNA genetic systems have smaller effective population sizes than autosomal markers, they are more prone to genetic drift14, 15, 16 and are therefore more likely to differ among groups than are autosomal markers. The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples. TMRCA for E1b1a as a whole was estimated at 61756588 YBP with the TMRCA for the youngest haplogroup (E1b1a8a1a) estimated at 11001638 YBP. [39][40][41], Outside of Africa, E-M2 has been found at low frequencies. Haplogroup E1b1a is an ancient brother to E1b1b, but has left a completely different fingerprint on the world today. Lewis MP : Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Note the resemblance between the distribution of E-M81 and the African admixture from the Dodecad project. M81 would first have spread with the Carthaginian elite, then once they were defeated by the Romans and annexed to the empire, their descendants would have been free to migrate to various parts of the empire from North Africa, Sicily, Sardinia and Iberia, some eventually reaching France and Britain. Beleza S, Gusmao L, Amorim A et al. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73: 768779. Thank you for visiting nature.com. [25] Ganda was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5612 and L1c1c. All modern carriers of this lineage descend from a common ancestor who lived only 1,200 years ago, and all are Ashkenazi Jews. As a Germanic tribe they might have carried a small percentage of E-V13. However, because each is, in effect, a single linked locus, interpreting observed differences among groups must be undertaken with a high level of caution. Forensic Sci Int 2000; 114: 3143. Z830, M310.1's . These locations mainly cover West, Central-West, East, South-East and South Africa. The exact position of V43 and V95 within these three subclades and E1b1a1a1b (M116.2), E1b1a1a1c (M149), and E1b1a1a1d (M155) The Goths settled over all the Italian peninsula. [25] Wuta was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS7305 and L3e2b+152. Thomas MG, Bradman N, Flinn HM : High throughput analysis of 10 microsatellite and 11 diallelic polymorphisms on the human Y-chromosome. 2002 ). [25] Coosaw was of West African and Native American ancestry and carried haplogroups E2b1a-CTS2400 and A2. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. [15] Gad et al. Perspective pg. E-M2 is a diverse haplogroup with many branches. Last update February 2023 (famous members). peoples). R1b tribes invaded the Balkans, the southern half of Central Europe, and joined up with Corded Ware people in what is now Germany, the Czech Republic and western Poland. The distribution and age of E-V13 clades in central and western Europe are consistent with a dispersal by Hallstatt and La Tne Celts, Italic tribes (including a Roman redistribution) and the later influx of Germanic tribes, particularly the Goths, who may have assimilated additional Proto-Slavic E-V13 lineages in East Germany, Poland and Ukraine before entering the Roman Empire. It was first reported in a person from the Gambia.[76]. In this study, we analysed unique event polymorphism and short tandem repeat variation in non-recombining Y-chromosome haplogroups contained within the E1b1a haplogroup, which is exclusive to individuals of recent African ancestry, in a large, geographically widely distributed, set of sub-Saharan Africans (groups=43, n=2757), all of whom, except one Nilo-Saharan-speaking group, spoke a Niger-Congo language and most a Bantu tongue. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9: 80. Gurdeep Matharu Lall, Maarten H. D. Larmuseau, Mark A. Jobling, Sandra Oliveira, Alexander Hbner, Jorge Rocha, Daniel E. Platt, Hovig Artinian, Pierre Zalloua, Mugdha Singh, Anujit Sarkar & Madhusudan R. Nandineni, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Ashot Margaryan, Richard Villems, Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Mark Stoneking, Kenneth K. Kidd, Baigalmaa Evsanaa, Andrew J. Pakstis, Veronika Csky, Dniel Gerber, Anna Szcsnyi-Nagy, European Journal of Human Genetics de Filippo C, Barbieri C, Whitten M et al. Of the possible 17 haplogroups, 12 were observed in the complete data set with haplogroup E1b1a modal (0.847, range in population groups 0.3890.957), both overall and in every sub-Saharan African group. Under the latter no less than eight subclades have been identified at present: A930, A2227, CTS12227, FGC22844, PF2578, PF6794, MZ99 and Z5009. Within Africa, E-M2 displays a west-to-east as well as a south-to-north clinal distribution. Anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and, in recent decades, genetics have been used to elucidate some of the events and processes involved. Holden CJ : Bantu language trees reflect the spread of farming across sub-Saharan Africa: a maximum-parsimony analysis. M81 is especially common in western Iberia, notably Extremadura (15.5%), Andalusia (13.5%), southern Portugal (11%), the Canary Islands (11%), north-west Castille (10%) and Galicia (10%). Hammer MF : A recent common ancestry for human Y chromosomes. Nowadays, the FGC18412 (aka Y5412) clade is the main variety of M123 found in Europe. [c] E-M329 is mostly found in East Africa. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. We analyse frequencies of halpogroups and estimates of TMRCA to answer two questions: (a) Is there evidence of more than one expansion of paternal line ancestors of Bantu-speaking people living in present day sub-Saharan Africa? (2018) tested the DNA of seven 15,000-year-old modern humans from Taforalt Cave in northeastern Morocco, and all of the six males belonged to haplogroup E-M78. Combined use of biallelic and microsatellite Y-chromosome polymorphisms to infer affinities among African populations. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 11971214. The highest percentage of E-M81 in Europe is found among the Pasiegos (30%, n=101), an isolated community living in the mountains of Cantabria. Excoffier L, Pellegrini A, Langaney A : Genetics and history of sub-Saharan Africa. Detection of numerous Y chromosome biallelic polymorphisms by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Therefore, it is unlikely that the absence of this haplogroup is due to drift after the initial stage of expansion when only a small number of individuals may have been involved or is simply not being observed in the present study. This era, which ended in a large-scale civilization collapse across this region ( Cline, 2014 ), shaped later periods both demographically and culturally. like the Levant or the southern Arabian Peninsula could have served as an incubator for the early diversification of non-African uniparental haplogroup varieties like Y chromosome DE-YAP*, CF-P143* and mtDNA M and N . Group-based pharmacogenetic prediction: is it feasible and do current NHS England ethnic classifications provide appropriate data? The merits of this hypothesis is that it would explain why M81 is so much more common in the Maghreb, and particularly in Tunisia, than in Italy today. The EBSP six-STR haplotype was modal in 36 out of the 43 groups (see Supplementary Table S3) and was almost always a member of E1b1a8 (frequency of 96.4%, P<0.0001). Pakendorf B, Bostoen K, de Filippo C : Molecular perspectives on the Bantu expansion: a synthesis. Brief thoughts on the likelihood of finding samples of E1b1a in the Levant._____SOURCES:[0:46] The relevant FaceBook thread:https://www.facebook.com/gr. The authors declare no conflict of interest. [25] Fumu was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups B2a1a-Y12201 and L3e2b+152. Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K et al. In . The weak point of this hypothesis is that it doesn't explain how M81 reached places like France, Britain, Greece or Turkey, nor even northern Spain. Franz Kafka, a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer, who is widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature probably belonged to E-Y161794, a Jewish branch of haplogroup E-M81, based on the Y-DNA test of another Kafka from Czechia at FTDNA. Lazaridis et al. Here, to test the hypothesis that . Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Santolamazza P et al. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. The clade has been found at low frequencies in West Asia. E-M34 is the main Middle Eastern variety of E1b1b and is thought to have arrived with the Proto-Semitic people in the Late Copper to Early Bronze Age. (=> see also the discussions Was E-V13 a major lineage of Hallstatt Celts and Italics? Searching for the roots of the first free African American community, Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago, The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages. [59] It has also been observed in a number of populations in Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America among people of African descent. What is surprising with E-V13 is that it is as common in R1a-dominant as in R1b-dominant countries. Further support for the EBSP origin from the Nigeria/Cameroon area comes from the observation that E1b1a component-haplogroup STR diversities are greater in West Africa than in either West-Central or East-Central Africa (Table 2). View Profile View Forum Posts Advisor Join Date 18-11-09 Location . Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Ansari Pour, N., Plaster, C. & Bradman, N. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern expansion of the Bantu-speaking people. (2011) only found one out of 505 tested African subjects who was U175 positive but negative for U209. Pakendorf et al7 in a recent review of the contribution made by molecular genetic analysis to the study of EBSP concluded that patrilocality and possibly polygyny may have contributed to NRY, but not mtDNA, association with linguistic affinity. [29] West Africans, bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated into the northern region of Iraq (69.5%), Jordan (80%), Lebanon (73%), Oman (52.1%), and Egypt (80.8%). Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 454465. Was E-V13 a major lineage of Hallstatt Celts and Italics? If the estimate of 2,100 years is correct, that would correspond approximately to the time when the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in what is now Tunisia. The E1b1b1a lineage is identified by the presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation on the Y chromosome, which . Thomas MG, Parfitt T, Weiss DA et al. However, Razib Khan in this podcast says that E1b1a was pretty common among ancient Levantines. [13][14], At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and L1c3a1b, another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 532544. This page has been accessed 678 times. Of course, the TMRCA is only an estimate and could vary by a few centuries. The first Indo-European migration to Greece was that of the Mycenaeans from c. 1650 BCE. The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations. [26] West Africans (e.g., Yoruba and Esan of Nigeria), bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated through the northeastern region of Africa into the western region of Arabia. found similarly low frequencies of basal E-U175* in subjects in the Ivory Coast and Benin. Samples in the Congolese data set have been divided into three pie charts representing Bantu H, B and C speakers. Amorim et al. Distribution of haplogroup E1b1b in Europe, the Near East and North Africa. The classical antiquity brought new waves of colonisation across the Mediterranean. [2] E-M329 is also frequent in Southwestern Ethiopia, especially among Omotic -speaking populations. . Each of these two lineages has a peculiar geographic distribution. Gjergj Kastrioti Sknderbe, also known as Skanderbeg (1405-1468), was an Albanian feudal lord and military commander who led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in what is today Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia. [29] Some may have migrated into and introduced the Senegal and Benin sickle cell haplotypes into Basra, Iraq, where both occur equally. Salas A, Richards M, De la FT et al. Haplogroup E1b1a7 or E1b1a8* is modal in all groups with the exception of Bankim (Cameroon) and Fante (Ghana). It would then have spread to Greece and Italy alongside haplogroup J2a1 and T1a-P77. E1b1a1a1a is defined by marker M58. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa and Middle East. E-M2 is the most common haplogroup in . volume21,pages 423429 (2013)Cite this article. Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 4362. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. According to the results, Canaanite ancestry is a mix of indigenous populations who settled the Levant (the region encompassing much of modern Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinian . After that the expansion is thought to have taken two directions with one wave moving along the south-western coast (West-Bantu route) and the other moving further east, forming the eastern Bantu core by 3000 years before present (YBP). [19] Human leukocyte antigen alleles further confirm that the individuals were of Sub-Saharan African origin. Genome Res 1997; 7: 9961005. [25] Tima was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L3e1e. PubMed Central This evidence suggests that at the end of the last glaciation 12,000 years ago, E1b1b men were present in the Levant, but not in other parts of the Near East. The small presence of E-V13 in the Near East could be better explained by the extremely long Greek presence in the eastern Mediterranean from the time of Alexander the Great until the end of the Byzantine domination over the region during the Middle Ages. Weale ME, Shah T, Jones AL et al. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. Personally, I can't remember any study who detected E1b1a in that region during the BA or among the Natufians. The frequency of E subclades has varied geographically over time due to founder effects in Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age populations, i.e. In this study, haplogroup E1b1a8a1a, the haplogroup with the shortest TMRCA, was observed in all eastern data sets (three from Malawi, one from Mozambique (in both cases, all speakers of Guthrie classification Bantu languages N and P spoken on the eastern side of Africa) and one from Pretoria, n (samples)=18) but in none of the eight western groups (all speakers of Guthrie classification Bantu languages H, B and C spoken on the western side of Africa) (Fishers exact test: haplogroup present/absent in data set P=0.0008; haplogroup frequency P<0.0001). Since then, this marker (now defining the E1b1a haplogroup) has been typed in many groups across sub-Saharan Africa19, 26, 27, 28 and, without exception, all studies have shown that the majority of NRY types in Bantu-speaking groups belong to this haplogroup. [26] West Africans (e.g., Mende of Sierra Leone), bearing the Senegal sickle cell haplotype,[29][26] may have migrated into Mauritania (77% modern rate of occurrence) and Senegal (100%); they may also have migrated across the Sahara, into North Africa, and from North Africa, into Southern Europe, Turkey, and a region near northern Iraq and southern Turkey. Article to suggest that E-M2 may have originated in East Africa. Remains found in modern day Israel were analysed and confirmed to carry this haplogroup, dating as far back as the Natufian culture - a peoples living in the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean area of Western Asia . Haplogroup E1b1a7 (defined by M191) is modal in most groups in countries from Ghana to Mozambique and only at slightly lower frequency in South African Bantu speakers (33.8% compared with E1b1a8*. E1b1a and E1b1b-V22 tend to have lower values for this STR compared to other E1b1b haplogroups, but still the reported value is very rare in any of these haplogroups, and it looks like another suspicious STR value. M81 has two immediate subclades A5604 and M183 (aka PF2477 or PF2546). Because the Bantu languages on the eastern route are more homogeneous than those on the western route,11 it is reasonable to speculate that later expansions occurred mainly on the eastern route. [20], At Cabeo da Amoreira, in Portugal, an enslaved West African man, who may have been from the Senegambian coastal region of Gambia, Mauritania, or Senegal, and carried haplogroups E1b1a and L3b1a, was buried among shell middens between the 16th century CE and the 18th century CE. Ironically this haplogroup thought to be at the origin of Afro-Asiatic languages, which includes the Semitic languages and peoples that Hitler despised so much. L2 has five main subhaplogroups: L2a, L2b, L2c, L2d and L2e. Soon afterwards, M34 split into two branches, M84 and Z841, which were probably found in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. So we know for sure that E1b1b was present in southern Europe at least since the Early Neolithic. There is an increasing evidence that the expansion was a more complex process than originally thought and that neither a single demographic event nor an early split between western and eastern groups occurred. Hum Biol 2011; 83: 1338. His real name is Nicolas Kim Coppola, and his paternal great-grand-father emigrated to the U.S. from the South Italian town of Bernalda in Basilicata. The samples were classified into groups primarily by cultural identity, first language spoken and then by place of collection. The TMRCA at 47005300 YBP is entirely consistent with the haplogroup being present in West Africa at the dawn of the EBSP. Examples of founder effects include E-V12 in southern Egypt, E-V13 in the Balkans, E-V32 in Somalia, E-V65 on the Mediterranean coast of Africa, and E-M81 in Northwest Africa. The polymorphic markers are six STRs (DYS19, DYS388, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392 and DYS393) and four UEPs (M191, U175, U290 and U181) characterising the E1b1a haplogroup, which is modal in most population groups within the area of the EBSP.25 The four UEPs were typed using a tetra primer ARMS PCR method37 with minor modifications. The advantage of this hypothesis is that M81 is indeed found exclusively within the borders of the Roman Empire, and in a big part of the empire. In fact, it has been calculated that E-V13 emerged from E-M78 some 7,800 years ago, when Neolithic farmers were advancing into the Balkans and the Danubian basin. F1382 appears to have expanded during the Iron Age from the Levant to the Arabian peninsula, where it is almost exclusively found today. E1b1a and E1b1b are PN2 clade lineages. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. It is interesting to speculate on the possibility that this later expansion was associated with the contemporaneous development of metallurgy. Veeramah et al. It is known from a single carrier in Mali. 438=10 is a normal value. Wairak people in Tanzania tested 4.6% (2/43) positive for E-M10. These 2 haplogroups cover ancient Israelites 31-07-17, 19:20 #11. The low percentage of E-V13 is coastal Sardinia would be better explained by more recent settlements on the island by the Romans, or even the Goths, who also settled in Sardinia. Proc R Soc Lond B 2002; 793799. Analysis of diversity and rough estimates of times to the most recent common ancestors of haplogroups provide evidence of multiple expansions along eastern and western routes and a late, exclusively eastern route, expansion. To obtain Also downstream of CTS1096, the Y14891 and Z21018 clades are typically found among people of Jewish ancestry, while PF6391 and Z21421 are found in the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan) and the Arabian peninsula. Genealogical relationships of UEP markers used to define NRY haplogroups. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. We conclude that analysis of NRY in 43 widely distributed population groups from across sub-Saharan Africa provides evidence of multiple expansions from West Africa along the western and eastern routes and a late specifically eastern expansion at some time during the past two millennia during a period in which male-mediated gene flow from East-Central to West-Central Africa does not appear to have taken place, at least to any significant extent. View Profile View Forum Posts . [25] Ajana was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L2a1I. This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) 2008 Tree,[76] the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup E Tree,[7] and subsequent published research. 1926), an English broadcaster and naturalist at the BBC explained in the Tree of Life how the Attenboroughs belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. Only two other haplogroups exceeded 5% of the total: BT* (xDE,KT) (7.5%) and E* (xE1b1a) (5.1%). The Greeks remained in control of the Middle East until the Roman conquest, then regained influence over the region during the Byzantine period. Iranic tribes, La Tne Celts, Romans, Goths, Slavs). Migrations within the Roman Empire probably played a role, although a minor one, in the redistribution of E1b1b in Europe. As a consequence it is consistent with a late, rapid expansion from south of the Grassfields of Cameroon that did not include expansion along the earlier western route. Mitochondrial, Y-chromosome and autosomal DNA analyses have been carried out in attempts to understand the demographic events that have taken place. As of November 2016, he was the 12th richest person in the world. [25] Jode was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS4975 and L2a1a2c. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade brought people to North America, Central America and South America including the Caribbean. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd, 2006, pp 679685. The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. At present the most consistent explanation is that E-V13 developed from E-M78 in Central or Eastern Europe during the Neolithic period, and was assimilated by the R1a and R1b Proto-Indo-Europeans around the time that they were leaving the Pontic Steppe to invade the rest of Europe. E-M2 is primarily distributed within sub-Saharan Africa. The ancestral L485 SNP (along with several of its subclades) was very recently discovered. This origin is in line with the origins of the ancient Israelite people, from whom Jews are traditionally believed to descend from, and whose homeland was the ancient Kingdom of Israel now the modern day State of Israel, located in the Levant. The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. [25] Zimbu was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5497 and L3e1e. Vansina J : New Linguistic Evidence and 'the Bantu Expansion'. [e], E1b1a1a1h is defined by markers P268 and P269. The TMRCA was estimated using an average NRY STR mutation rate of 0.00245 and generation time of 25 years. The Fishers exact test was also performed in the R environment. E1b1b's gradient in the maps shows in Levant its 24% in Palestine, 17% Lebanon, 14% Syria, 10% Turkey so it should have been say 4% in extreme southern . Even within Britain it is found mainly in Wales, a region known to have served as a refuge for the Romano-British population during the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

Is Michele Morrone Arabic, Unexpected String Constant In R, Death And Burial In The Ancient World Toohey, Mand For Missing Items Examples, Articles E