bush dog husbandry guidelines30 Apr bush dog husbandry guidelines
We also utilize different enrichment techniques and tools to encourage natural feeding behaviors. Individual animals should be identified in a consistent and recordable manner (e.g., tags, cage cards, microchips, tattoos). Areas where food is prepared or stored must be kept clean. The bush dog's ability to raise young successfully throughout the year could be linked to its high sociality and cooperative hunting. 86-23. To restrain for 1979; Gauthier-Pilters 1967; Porton et al. ("Southern lesser bush baby, South African galago Galago moholi", 2009;Gron, 2008;Pullen, 2004. Mating behavior.During the 2nd phase of the study, mating behavior of each male-female pair was recorded with continuous time-lapse videotaping using infrared lighting at night (Legendre et al. Fecal progestins were measured using the Progesterone Active DSL-3900 (Diagnostic System Laboratories; Lukas et al. Providing the above mentioned bear-proof areas or total separation can be the solution during the time of rearing the young. These results demonstrate that mature female bush dogs differ from previously observed peripubertal females, which failed to show any signs of estrus, either behavioral or physical (i.e., changes in the vulva), until paired with a male (Porton et al. The estimated birth dates were divided into 4 groups based on latitude, from south to north: October to April (24S 26S; n = 5; Argentina and Paraguay), February or March to May (1553S; n = 2; Brazil); May to September or October (430S442S; n = 3; Peru); and September to September or October (255N620N; n = 3; French Guiana, Guyana, and Venezuela). The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 4.7%, and the interassay coefficients of variation for 3 separate internal controls were 4.6%, 4.3%, and 5.5%. With the exception of male (M) 2, none of the animals had been housed with an unrelated individual or had reproduced before the start of the study. 1987). capturing this data will give you the best estimation of a due date. In this study we focused on characterizing the reproductive cycle of the female bush dog by considering the pattern of gonadal hormone secretion, the number of estrous cycles per year, presence or absence of a seasonal pattern, and influence of the male's presence on the female reproductive cycle or reproductive characteristics. 44 0 obj <> endobj Low scores (unformed, loose, diarrhea, etc) may indicate digestive upset, malabsorption, and/or possible hydration issues. 1998; Strahl et al. Correlations associated with male or female presence.We used 2 analyses to test whether there were any significant correlations (P 0.05) associated with male or female presence at 2 different levels: within the 3 female variables (fecal estrogens, fecal progestins, and vulva index) and between the male and female variables. 1.2 The Code is based on the knowledge and technology available at the time of publication and may need to hbbd``b`j@ H0 _v$ 3N Gum can be spread on branches, sticks, wood, coconut shells, paper, cardboard, etc. The bush dog is able to prey on animals larger than itself because it hunts in packs and has a specialised craniodental anatomy, such as a very deep and short WebThe dogs chase the prey until it tires, and at times they will disembowel the prey while it is still running. Bedding used in cages or pens should be changed as required to keep animals dry and clean. The Moholi bushbaby is native to the mesic woodlands of the Southern Afrotropics. The Zoo's Animal Division provided financial support for animal housing and husbandry, and the Research Department provided financial support for hormone analyses, videotaping, and other related research expenses. Fecal sample collection.Daily fecal samples were collected from each female from 1 March 2001 through the respective end dates (Table 2). They have large, orange, fixed eyes and posses the largest ears, proportionally to body size, of all primates. WebThe relationship continues and today modern zoos and aquariums offer scientists unique opportunities to carry out research on the biology of the animals and plants they care for, Do not handle an infant if the dam is in the process of moving it or attending to it. Bush dogs are carnivores and they prey mostly on large rodents including acouchis, pacas and agoutis, and also sometimes upon larger animals, such as rheas and capybaras. Bush dogs are monogamous and live in extended family groups. The offspring are produced by one alpha female. These animals mate throughout the year. WebWhen the Maned Wolf SSP was formed in 1985, one of the first goals was to produce husbandry guidelines for managing the species in captivity. The 1st of 3 estrous cycles without a confirmed Copulatory Lock (F3) occurred when the male was introduced 25 days after the initial rise in fecal progestin and also had a low number of Mounts in that estrous cycle (n = 5) compared to the overall average (X = 193, SEM = 22, range = 5459;, n = 7 estrous cycles). ` = Second, we hypothesized that paired mature female bush dogs have an obligate pseudopregnancy after an infertile mating or ovulation without mating, a characteristic not seen in peripubertal female bush dogs. Training Guide, National Animal Control Association, PO Box 480851, Kansas City, Missouri 64148. Remove or separate the sire (this may mean shifting the sire to an adjacent cage or moving him out to a different area entirely). Areas for quarantine, isolation, or soiled equipment should be appropriately exhausted to avoid contamination. Open-ended vasectomy.Between late December 2001 and mid-January 2002, open-ended vasectomies were performed on the 4 males (see DeMatteo et al., in press). The comments of 2 anonymous reviewers, which improved the manuscript, are appreciated. Although it cannot be determined conclusively whether either of these medical conditions affected reproduction, the fact that both of these cycles had fecal progestin levels indicative of ovulation suggest that the females were not affected until their conditions were well advanced. Branch the cage simply and include two nest sites, both at eye level height. Procedures must be established for providing animal care during emergencies. The DLC has had success housing the G.Moholi in a mixed species setting with Aye Aye, Slow Loris, Pygmy Slow Loris, Slender Loris, Pottos, Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemurs and Mirza. As described for all other canids, female bush dogs have an obligate pseudopregnancy after an infertile mating or ovulation without mating. Proper ventilation removes heat, dampness, odor, airborne microbes, and pollutant gases such as ammonia and carbon monoxide, while allowing for the introduction of fresh air. Birth cages should be made of the small x inch vinyl coated wire. The results of the Speothos venaticus Survey also suggested that bush dogs were aseasonal. The bush dog (Speothos venaticus), listed as Vulnerable (World Conservation Union 2003), is a small canid from Central and South America whose status, distribution, and ecological requirements are poorly understood (Eisenberg 1989; Eisenberg and Redford 1999; Redford and Eisenberg 1992; Wilson and Reeder 1993). Frequent changes to the group should be avoided. Animals should be protected from extreme temperatures so as to maintain their health and render their environment comfortable. 2002). These findings indicate that mature female bush dogs differ from peripubertal females studied by Porton et al. Vulvar measurements.In preparation for data collection, the 4 females were trained, using operant conditioning, to stand for vulvar measurements. RESPONSIBILITY Animal care staff, veterinary care staff, facility supervisors, Facilities Manager. Once the prey tires they tear it to pieces. Here's where your voice is most needed right now. Asa and Valdespino 1998; Kleiman 1968; Porton et al. A summary of the dates of sightings of infants, juveniles, and subadults permitted estimates of age and date of birth, thus providing information on bush dog seasonality in the wild. During baby watch, check baby cage in the AM when white lights are on. Stay tuned for the new AZA Ungulate Animal Care Manual, presently nearing completion. The number (X = 8, range = 114, n = 32) and duration (X = 15 min, range =152 min, n = 32) of confirmed Copulatory Locks varied within and between pairs. The interval between these significant changes, especially fecal progestins, can be used to represent the interestrous interval, or cycle length, and define the reproductive pattem of the female. Housing or cagingCaging or housing systems should provide adequate space and accommodate appropriate population densities, allow animals sufficient freedom of movement, permit normal postural adjustments, and include a resting place appropriate for the species being housed. Animals that produce levels of noise having the potential to cause stress should be housed separately. Because of variability within the data, a progressive Bonferroni correction was applied to the P-value for Moran's I for a conservative interpretation of significance. george jenkins high school campus map; isimeme edeko nigerian. Asa 1996, 1998; Asa and Valdespino 1998; Concannon 1986; Hayssen et al. 1992; Taha et al. Webwhere is the cullinan diamond support@missionbadlaav.com; clara schumann: piano trio in g minor program notes Menu. Males appear to fall into two distinct mating strategy groups, larger and more dominant males who monopolize females with repeated matings and smaller males who are more opportunistic. First, we hypothesized that mature female bush dogs have aseasonal reproductive cycles separated by periods of anestms and that the occurrence of cycles requires the physical presence of a male, defined as direct, un-obstructed physical access (i.e., direct tactile, olfactory, visual. In addition, the interestrous interval, that is, that time between successive 1st significant increases in fecal progestins, varied significantly (t = 2.498, d.f = 9, P < 0.05) depending on whether a male was present (X = 136 days, SD = 11 days, = 4) or absent (X = 179 days, SD = 40.1 days, n = 5). XI. Please note that Husbandry Manuals are not currently available for all groups or species. 2. The second section provides the contact details for the Husbandry Manuals known to us from the taxonomic group you have selected, listed by Taxonomic Family. 1998). Subtle behavioral changes such as decreased appetite or activity or reluctance to train in expectant females may be a sign of impending labor or a sign of problems with labor or delivery. 1997; Valdespino et al. MATERIALS 3.1. Videotapes were reviewed for the occurrence and duration of 2 defined behaviors. The strength of this small-bodied canid and cooperative hunting allow it not only to capture a variety of small prey (e.g., a variety of snakes, Azara's agoutis [Dasyprocta azarae], and nine-banded armadillos [Dasypus novemcinctus]Beccaceci 1994; Peres 1991), but also prey many times their body size (e.g., brockets [Mazama], capy-baras [Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris], pacas (Agouti paca), and South American tapirs [Tapirus terrestris]Beccaceci 1994; Deutsch 1983; Peres 1991; Strahl et al. Webbush stone-curlew husbandry manual. The arrow indicates 27 March 2002, the date of male-female introductions. endstream endobj startxref Emergency lighting should be provided. Read the latest news about the AVMA and the veterinary profession, and search archives dating back to 2000. WebWe would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. Present address of KED: University of MissouriSt. Flooring material should not flex under weight, should accommodate footing and resting off of open metal floors, and may have perforations large enough to allow only moisture to pass through. and auditory stimulation from the male) to induce estms. Brand and Cullen 1976; Frame et al. 1992). Although small sample size prevented statistical comparisons, these observations suggest the male bush dog can have an immediate effect on at least the luteal phase of the female's reproductive cycle. WebEAZA Hornbill Management and Husbandry Guidelines Contents Foreword 1) Natural history 2) Captive population management 2.1 Identification 2.2 Morphology and sex determination 2.3 Maturation and longevity 2.4 European hornbill collection plan taxa 3) Veterinary care, handling and transport Confirmed plus possible Copulatory Locks (n = 5 estrous cycles) occurred an average 2.5 times per day for a period of receptivity that averaged 6 days. Get best-in-class CE in some of your favorite cities. Hormone assays.The noninvasive monitoring of hormones using feces was effective at determining fluctuations in fecal estrogens and fecal progestins in the study females (Fig. Please move carefully into and out of the room. Brady and Ditton 1979; Brand and Cullen 1976; Dietz 1984; Ewer 1973; Frame et al. However, in more open areas it seems that a Bush dog will hunt alone for small rodents. Hunting in packs, they are able to kill prey much bigger than themselves, including capybara. This species produces a wide range of contact calls, perhaps because communication by visual means is not easy in the forest. Controlling for male presence and using the Euclidean geometric distance, distance matrices for the 3 females at each of the 3 variables (fecal estrogens, fecal progestins, and vulva index) were generated. They live in nocturnal rooms with a 12-hour light cycle. After a 121-to-124 day gestation period, females give birth to offspring weighing approximately 10 grams that have their eyes open and are furred. A single set of guidelines cannot completely describe appropriate care for all species in all situations; therefore you should always consult a veterinarian for advice and specific recommendations. shupac lake fishing regulations Activity starts right around sunset and ends around dawn with the most active periods are right after dark and directly preceding dawn (Molez 1976; Doyle & Bearder 1977). The fact that confirmed Copulatory Locks were not seen in females both with and without medical conditions suggests that the results for Fl were due to individual variation and not her medical condition. Effect of the male on the female s reproductive cycle.In addition to having an effect on the duration of the sustained fecal progestin elevation, male presence significantiy reduced the interestrous interval, or cycle length (i.e., from the 1st significant fecal progestin increase of one cycle to 1st increase of the next). 1). Special housing accommodations are sometimes necessary for unusual species such as those with unique metabolic or genetic characteristics, or special behavioral and/or reproductive needs. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 6.5%, and the interassay coefficients of variation for 4 separate internal controls were 6.4%, 7.2%, 6.7%, and 5.9%. Total population:Unknown Males did not show a seasonal pattern in testosterone production. 2002). 2. We considered the last estrous cycles of both Fl and F2 to be incomplete because fecal progestin levels were above baseline when data collection ended because of death and pyometra, respectively. Standardized practices allow easier detection of potential health and husbandry problems. Vulvar measurements.A significant increase was found in baseline vulva index (P < 0.001) in 3 of the 4 females (F2, F3, and F4) when the male was present. Significance for each correlation was evaluated with the Mantel r-value. Examination of preliminary testosterone data from males showed a nonseasonal pattern suggesting that males have year-round, not seasonal, sperm production. With the exception of female (F) 1, the animals were fed a meat-based diet (Zoo Camivore Diet, Dallas Crown, Kaufman, Texas) daily. During the 1st phase, 1 March 2001 to 26 March 2002, females were housed individually with no contact with males, which were housed in a separate building. Do this with nail trims, brushing, holding out a leg for a blood draw or, taking your dogs temperature. WebDOG HUSBANDRY SOP 520.01 Dog Husbandry Page 1 of 3 1. Husbandry Manuals provide a wealth of best-practice information based on the collective experience of AZA facilities. When possible, relatively nontoxic compounds (e.g., boric acid) or drying substances (e.g., amorphous silica gel) should be used to control insects. 49 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6626B62769B5266758E5A2F918D2D07D><041926E8CAF9D645BEEB2E667D2FC591>]/Index[44 19]/Info 43 0 R/Length 49/Prev 36221/Root 45 0 R/Size 63/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The current analysis of data from captive bush dogs was important when interpreting the results from the Speothos venaticus Survey, because the analysis showed the importance of considering the number of females and births represented at each latitude, because a small sample size may inaccurately suggest seasonal reproduction. We thank the Saint Louis Zoo staff, including the primate keepers, research intems, veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and A. Musson, K. Niebmegge, C. Dawson, J. Bauman, and K. Bauman for their time, effort, and interest in the project. WebDuiker Husbandry Guidelines From 2002 Bay, Black, and Red-flanked Duiker Studbook. Caging or housing systems should be constructed of sturdy, durable materials and be designed to maximize biosecurity. The 3rd estrous cycle with neither confirmed nor possible Copulatory Locks (F4) had the highest number of Mounts (n = 459) in a single estrous cycle. 1987), comparable to this study. 0 Similar studies are needed for many canid species to allow us to make comparative analyses across Canidae. 1998 and island gray fox [Urocyon littoralisAsa et al. In captivity, this species is most often housed with related female pairs, breeding pairs or dams and their offspring. Click on the Taxonomic link to be taken to the relevant Pseudopregnancy.Although the duration of fecal progestin elevation in female bush dogs differed significantly depending on whether a male was present or absent, both approximated the length of bush dog gestation (X = 67 days, range = 6270 daysDmoch 19992000) and so support the hypothesis that the female bush dog has an obligate pseudopregnancy independent of male presence. American Veterinary Medical Foundation (AVMF), AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals. 1993; Monfort et al. It is not recommended to house males of this species together due to aggressive behavior. 1987) and suggests that the bush dog is a highly social species that lives in extended family groups (Kleiman 1972; Macdonald 1996) and hunts in packs (Bridges 1954). Summary of reproductive cycle characteristics for nondomestic canids studied to date. Storage time should be minimized and the manufacturer's recommendations for proper storage followed to preserve nutritional quality and prevent contamination. Search for other works by this author on: Zoo-Logic, LLC, 7216 Delfield Street, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA (DGK), Pubertythe first estrous cycle in pregnant and non-pregnant beagles, The ovary and reproductive cycle of the dog, Guidelines for the capture, handling, and care of mammals as approved by the American Society of Mammalogists, Hormonal and experiential factors in the expression of social and parental behavior in canids, Evidence for induced ovulation in Channel Island gray foxes (, Canid reproductive biology: an integration of proximate mechanisms and ultimate causes, Measurement of steroids in animal feces with commercially available RIA kits intended for use in human serum, Evolution of large canids in South America, Anais II Congresso Latino-Americano de Paleontologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Ontogeny of social behaviour related to feeding in the crab-eating fox (. honduras female names; sofitel moorea vs hilton moorea. White lights are on from 12 am to 12 noon. There was an increase in the mean number of peaks for both fecal progestins and vulva index during the time a male was present compared to when he was absent (fecal progestins = 1.52 peaks, n = 3; and vulva index = 11.7 peaks, n = 3). CleaningAll equipment and areas must be cleaned with appropriate detergents and disinfectants as often as needed to keep them sanitary and free of debris and harmful contaminants. Federation of Animal Science Societies, 1111 N Dunlap Avenue, Savoy, Illinois 61874. A linear regression using the least squares method was run on the vulva index data from 1 March 2001 through the end of data collection for each female to evaluate the significance in the shift in baseline measurements (Microsoft Corporation 2003). Environmental enrichment provided should be appropriate to the species. Each phase consisted of a minimum of 1 year; however, health problems unrelated to the study required 2 females to be removed early (Table 2). They are often associated with the Acacia Trees grown in this region which provide an important dietary staple. Bush babies are also characterized by the long upper portion of 2002; Velloso et al. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 7.8%, and the interassay coefficients of variation for 3 separate internal controls were 7.6%, 6.1%, and 7.4%. Branch the cage simply and include two nest sites, both at eye level height. An emergency medical plan must be in place to provide appropriate and timely veterinary medical care for any animal who is injured, in distress, or showing signs of illness. The dam should be weighed prior to the start of baby watch.
No Comments